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The Library

Forty Centuries of Christian Writing

1774 works catalogued century by century, from the literature the Bible was written among to the present — each with a note on what it is, why it lasted, and where to read it.

1300–1201 BC

The Thirteenth Century BC

1 work

1208 BC

Egyptian

The Merneptah Stele

The Israel Stele

The court of Merneptah

A victory hymn on a granite slab listing what the pharaoh has destroyed in Canaan — Ashkelon carried off, Gezer seized, Yanoam made non-existent — and then, written with the determinative for a people rather than a place, Israel is laid waste, his seed is not.

Egyptian · InscriptionJoshuaJudgesExodusRead elsewhere

900–801 BC

The Ninth Century BC

2 works

c. 840 BC

Moabite

The Mesha Stele

The Moabite Stone

Mesha of Moab

A king of Moab records that Omri of Israel oppressed his land because Chemosh was angry with it, and that he has now taken the towns back, slaughtered seven thousand as a devotion to Chemosh, and dragged the vessels of Yahweh before his god.

Levantine · Inscription2 Kings1 KingsNumbersRead elsewhere

c. 840 BC

Aramaic

The Tel Dan Stele

An Aramean king, probably Hazael

Three broken fragments of a basalt victory monument found reused in a wall at Tel Dan in 1993 and 1994. The surviving lines claim the killing of a king of Israel and a king of the house of David.

Levantine · Inscription2 Kings2 Samuel1 KingsRead elsewhere

700–601 BC

The Seventh Century BC

1 work

c. 700 BC

Hebrew

The Siloam Inscription

The tunnellers of Hezekiah

Cut into the rock where two teams digging from opposite ends met beneath Jerusalem. It records the moment the last three cubits were breached and each team heard the other's voices calling through the stone, and the water ran to the pool.

Levantine · Inscription2 Kings2 ChroniclesIsaiahRead elsewhere