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The Library

Forty Centuries of Christian Writing

1577 works catalogued century by century, from the literature the Bible was written among to the present — each with a note on what it is, why it lasted, and where to read it.

1101–1200

The Twelfth Century

2 works

1179

Latin

The Canons of the Third Lateran Council

The Third Lateran Council

Twenty-seven canons requiring a two-thirds majority for papal elections, a free school in every cathedral, and measures against usury, Cathars, and lepers' exclusion from churches.

Western · Canons

c. 1191–1197

Latin

The Abbreviated Word

Verbum Abbreviatum

Peter the Chanter · d. 1197

Practical moral theology on usury, tithes, luxury, the ordeal, and the duties of the powerful, arguing that too much subtle disputation starves the pastoral life.

Scholastic · Ethics

1201–1300

The Thirteenth Century

1 work

c. 1222–1225, revised 1234

Latin

Summa on Penitential Cases

Raymond of Peñafort · c. 1175–1275

A confessor's manual sorting sins by kind and circumstance, with detailed treatment of usury, marriage, restitution, and what to do about a penitent who cannot pay back what he stole.

Dominican · Handbook

1401–1500

The Fifteenth Century

2 works

c. 1425–1444

Italian

The Sermons

Bernardino of Siena · 1380–1444

Sermons preached in town squares for hours at a stretch and taken down verbatim by listeners — on usury, on gossip, on family life, on the holy name of Jesus.

Franciscan · Homilies

c. 1440–1454

Latin

Moral Summa

Summa Theologica Moralis

Antoninus of Florence · 1389–1459

Moral theology for a commercial city, treating banking, exchange, partnership, wages, and the just price with the detail of someone who heard merchants' confessions.

Dominican · Ethics