The Great Didactic

OF THE THINGS REQUISITE BEFORE THIS UNIVERSAL METHOD CAN BE PUT INTO PRACTICE

I. There is no one, I imagine, who, after a careful examination of the question, will not perceive how blessed would be the condition of Christian kingdoms and states if they were supplied with schools of the kind that we desire. We must therefore see what is necessary in order that these speculations may not remain speculations, but may be realised in some definite form. Not without reason does John Caecilius Frey express his surprise and indignation that throughout so many centuries no one has ventured to reform the barbarous customs of our schools and universities.

2. For more than a hundred years much complaint has been made of the unmethodical way in which schools are conducted, but it is only within the last thirty that any serious attempt has been made to find a remedy for this state of things. And with what result ? Schools remain exactly as they were. If any scholar, either privately or in school, embarked on a course of study, he found himself a butt for the mockery of the ignorant or the malevolence of the ill-disposed, or finally, being unable to obtain any assistance, found his endeavour too laborious, and gave it up. Thus all efforts have hitherto been in vain.

3. We must therefore seek and find some way by which, with God's assistance, motive power may be suppHed to

448 THE GREAT DIDACTIC

the machine that is already sufficiently well constructed, or at any rate can be constructed on the foundations which exist, if the obstacles and hindrances that have hitherto been present be wisely and firmly removed.

4. Let us isolate and examine these obstacles.

(i) There is a great lack of methodical teachers who could take charge of public schools and produce the results that we have in view (indeed, with regard to my Janua which is already used in schools, a man of great judgment has written to me complaining that in most places one thing is lacking, namely, suitable men to use it).

5. (ii) But even if teachers of this kind existed, or if they could all perform their task with ease by using time-tables and forms all ready prepared for them, how would it be possible to support them in each village and town, and in every place where men are born and brought up in Christ ?

6. (iii) Again, how can it be arranged that the children of the poor shall have time to go to school ?

7. (iv) The opposition of pedants, who cling to old ways and despise everything that is new, is greatly to be dreaded, but for this some remedy can easily be found.

8. (v) There is one factor which by its absence or its presence can render the whole organisation of a school of no avail or can aid it in the highest degree, and that is a proper supply of comprehensive and methodical class-books. Since the invention of printing, it has been an easy matter to find men who are able and willing to make use of it, who will supply the funds necessary for the printing of good and useful books, and who will purchase books of this kind. Similarly, if the subsidiary apparatus necessary for comprehensive teaching were provided, it would be easy to find men to employ it.

9. It is evident, therefore, that the success of my scheme depends entirely upon a suitable supply of encyclopaedic class-books, and these can be provided only by the collaboration of several original-minded, energetic, and learned men. For such a task transcends the strength of one man, and especially of one who is unable to devote his whole

OF THE THINGS REQUISITE 449

time to it, or who may be imperfectly acquainted with some of the subjects that must be included in the comprehensive scheme. Moreover, if absolute perfection be desired, one lifetime is not sufficient for the completion of the work, which must therefore be entrusted to a collegiate body of learned men.

10. But it is impossible to call such a body into existence unless it be supported and financed by some king or state, while to ensure success a quiet and secluded spot and a library are necessary. In addition, it is essential that no one offer any opposition to such a goodly plan for glorifying the Creator and benefiting the human race, but rather that all prepare to work in harmony with the grace of God, which will be communicated to us more liberally through these new channels.

11. Therefore let your zeal blaze forth when ye hear this wholesome counsel. O dearest parents of children, into whose charge God has entrusted His most precious treasures, those made in His own image, may ye never cease to entreat the God of Gods that these efforts may have a successful issue, and by your prayers and solicitations to work upon the minds of powerful and learned men. In the meantime, bring up your children piously in the fear of God, and thus prepare the way for that more universal education of which we have spoken.

12. Do you also, O instructors of the young, whose task it is to plant and water the tender grafts of paradise, pray with all earnestness that these aids to your labours may be perfected and brought into daily use as soon as possible. For since ye have been called that " ye may plant the heavens and lay the foundations of the earth " (Isaiah li. 16), what can be more pleasing to you than to reap as rich a harvest as possible from your labour ? Therefore, let your heavenly calling, and the confidence of the parents who entrust their offspring to you, be as a fire within you, and give you and those who come under your influence no rest until the whole of your native land is lit up by this flaming torch.

450 THE GREAT DIDACTIC

13. Ye men of learning, to whom God has given wisdom and keen judgment that ye may be able to criticise such matters as these and improve them by your counsels, see that ye delay not to assist the sacred fire with your sparks, nay, rather with your torches and with your fans. Let all consider that saying of our Christ : " I came to cast fire upon the earth ; and what will I if it is already kindled ? " (Luke xii. 49). If He wish His fire to burn, w^oe unto him who, when he has the opportunity of bringing fuel to the flames, contributes nothing but the smoke of envy, malevolence, and opposition. Remember the reward that He promises to His good and faithful servants who employ the talents entrusted to them in such a w^ay that they gain others, and the threats that He utters against the slothful who bury their talents in the earth (Matt. xxv. 25). Therefore, let not your ow^n knowledge suffice you, but use all your strength to further the instruction of others. Be guided by the example of Seneca, who says : " I wish to communicate all that I know to others " ; and again : " If knowledge were given me on the condition that I should keep it to myself and not share it with others, I should refuse it" {Epist. 27). Do not, therefore, withhold instruction and wisdom from the Christian people, but rather say with Moses : " Would God that all the Lord's peoples were prophets ! " (Num. xi. 29). The reformation of the Church and of the state is comprised in the proper instruction of the young ; and shall we, w^ho know this, stand idle, while others put their hand to the work ?

14. May we all, with one accord, be moved to promote such a worthy object in every possible manner by advising, warning, exhorting, reforming, and in every w^ay furthering the work for God and for posterity. And let no one think that he is not called upon to act in the matter. For though a man may be naturally unsuited to be a schoolmaster, or may be fully engaged by his duties as a clergyman, a politician, or a physician, he makes a great mistake if he think that he is on that account exempt from the common task of school-reform. If he wish to prove his devotion to

OF THE THINGS REQUISITE 451

his calling, to him who calls him, and to those to whom he is sent, he is bound not only to serve his God, his Church, and his country, but also to train up others to do so after him. Socrates has been praised because he employed his time in educating the young instead of holding some public office. " It is of more use," said he, " to train men who can govern, than to govern oneself."

15. O learned scholars, I beseech you not to despise these suggestions because they originate with one less learned than yourselves. Remember the saying of Chrysippus : " Many a market-gardener has spoken to the point. Perchance an ass may know what you do not." And of Christ : " The wind bloweth where it listeth, and ye hear its voice, but know not whence it comes or whither it goes." In the sight of God I protest that it is not by any overweening confidence in myself, or by a desire for fame or for personal advantage, that I am impelled to advertise these ideas of mine. It is the love of God and the wish to improve the condition of humanity that goad me on, and will not suffer me to keep silence when my instinct tells me what should be done. Therefore, if any oppose my efforts, and hinder the realisation of my ideas instead of aiding it, let him be assured that he is waging war, not against me, but against God, against his own conscience, and against nature, whose will it is that what is for the common good be given over for the use of all men.

16. To you also I appeal, Theologians, since it is in your power to be the greatest assistance or the greatest obstacle to my designs. If you choose the latter course, the saying of Bernhard will be fulfilled : " That Christ has no bitterer enemies than His followers, and especially those who hold the first place among them." But let us hope that your actions will be worthier, and more suited to your calling. Remember that our Lord charged Peter to feed not only His sheep but also His lambs, enjoining him to take especial care of the latter (John xxi. 15). This is a reasonable injunction, since shepherds find it easier to feed sheep than to feed lambs, which have still to be moulded

452 THE GREAT DIDACTIC

by the discipline of the flock and the staff of the herdsman. Surely a man betrays his ignorance if he prefer unlettered hearers ! What goldsmith does not try to procure the very purest gold ? What shoemaker does not try to obtain the finest leather? Let us likewise be children of light and wise in our generation, and let us pray that schools may supply us with as many educated hearers as possible.

17. And suffer not envy to enter into your hearts, O servants of the living God, but rather lead others to that charity that envies not, seeks not its own advantage, and thinks no evil. Let no envious thoughts arise if others originate schemes that have never entered into your minds, but be content to learn from others ; in order that (as Gregory says) all, being full of faith, may praise God, and may be instrumental in spreading the truth.

18. But to you, in particular, do I direct my prayers, ye rulers and magistrates, who, in God's name, preside over human affairs. To you, as to Noah, it has been entrusted from on high to build an ark for the preservation of the Word of God in this terrible deluge of disasters (Gen. vi.) It is your duty, as it was that of the princes of old, to aid in the building of the sanctuary, and to see that no obstacle be placed in the way of the artificers whom the Lord has filled with His Spirit and has taught to devise ingenious plans (Exod. xxxvi.) You, like David and Solomon, should summon architects to build the temple of the Lord, and should supply them with the necessary materials (i Kings vi. ; I Chron. xxix.) You are those centurions whom Christ w^ill love if you have loved His little ones, and erected schools for them (Luke vii. 5).

19. For Christ's sake, for the sake of our children's salvation, I beseech you to listen to me. This is a weighty question, and concerns the glory of God and the salvation of mankind. Well do I know how much you love your country. If a man came to you and promised to tell you how all your towns might be fortified at a slight cost, how all your youths might be instructed in the art of warfare, how your rivers might be made navigable and be filled

OF THE THINGS REQUISITE 453

with merchant-vessels, in short, how your state might be brought to a higher pitch of prosperity and security, you would give, not only your careful attention, but your heartiest thanks as well, to him who showed such solicitude for your welfare. And now, what is far more important than any of these things has been shown you, namely, the real and never-failing method by which a supply of such men may be secured, men who, by discoveries such as I have indicated, can be of immense service to their country. With truth did the sainted Luther write, when exhorting the cities of Germany to found schools : " Where one ducat is expended in building cities, fortresses, monuments, and arsenals, one hundred should be spent in educating one youth aright, since, when he reaches manhood, he may induce his fellows to carry out useful works. For a good and wise man is the most precious treasure of a state, and is of far more value than palaces, than heaps of gold and of silver, than gates of bronze and bars of iron." Solomon also is of the same opinion (Eccles. ix. 13). If then we acknowledge that no expense should be spared in order to give one youth a thorough education, what can we say when the gate is opened to the universal education of all, 'and to an unfailing method by which the understanding may be developed? when God promises to shower His gifts upon us ? when our salvation seems so near at hand that His glory dwells with us on earth ?

20. Open wide your gates, O princes, that the King of glory may come in (Psalm xxiv.) Give to the Lord glory and honour, ye sons of the mighty. May each one of you be like David, who sware unto the Lord, and vowed unto the mighty one of Jacob : " Surely I will not come unto the tabernacle of my house, nor go up into my bed ; I will not give sleep to mine eyes, or slumber to mine eyelids ; until I find out a place for the Lord, a tabernacle for the Mighty One of Jacob " (Psalm cxxxii.) Stay not to consider the expense. Give to the Lord, and He will repay you a thousandfold. He who says, " The silver is mine and the gold is mine " (Haggai ii. 9), can demand this as a

454 THE GREAT DIDACTIC

right, yet of His mercy He adds (when exhorting the people to build His temple) : " Prove me now forthwith if I will not open you the windows of heaven, and pour you out a blessing that there shall not be room enough to receive it" (Mai. iii. lo).

2 1. Do Thou, therefore, O Lord our God, give each one of us a joyful heart to serve Thy glory as best he may. For Thine is the grandeur, the power, the glory, and the victory. All that is in heaven and in earth is Thine. Thine, O Lord, is the kingdom ; Thou art over all princes. Thine are the riches, and Thine is the glory, the might, and the power ; Thou canst glorify and magnify whatsoever Thou pleasest. For what are we, who have but received Thy gifts from Thy hands ? We are but strangers in Thy sight as were our fathers. Our life on earth is but a shadow and passes away. O Lord our God, all that we do to the honour of Thy name, comes from Thee. Give to Thy Solomons a perfect heart that they may do all that tends to Thy glory (i Chron. xxix.) Strengthen, O God, that which Thou hast wrought for us (Psalm Ixviii. 28). Let Thy work appear unto Thy servants, and Thy glory upon their children. And let the beauty of the Lord our God be upon us ; and establish Thou the works of our hands upon us (Psalm xc. 16). In Thee, O Lord, have I trusted, let me never be confounded. Amen.

NOTES

I. Gregory Nazianzen. — A Father of the Church in the fourth century. He was renowned for his eloquence, which he employed in combating the Avian heresy.

2. Wolfgang Ratich or Ratke (born at Wilster in 1571, died at Erfurt in 1635). — One of the immediate forerunners of Comenius in school reform. He enjoyed the patronage of Count Ludwig of Anhalt- Kothen, through whose liberality he was enabled to found a six-class school at Kothen, in accordance with his didactic principles. He also undertook the reorganisation of the schools at Augsburg, Weimar, Magdeburg, and Rudolfstadt. The lack of success that attended his efforts was due to his quarrelsome disposition and to his utter inability to establish a modus vivendi with his colleagues and assistants. For his Principles, see Intr. H. p. 136.

3. EiLHARD LuBiN (born in 1565, in the Duchy of Oldenburg; died in 162 1). — Professor of Poetry and Theology at the University of Rostock. His Didactic, quoted by Comenius in sec. 17 of his introduction, has not been preserved.

4. Christopher Helwig (1581-1617). — Professor of Theology, of Greek, and of Oriental Languages in the University of Giessen. He was one of the Commissioners who examined Ratke's didactic method in 16 I 2.

5. Franciscus Ritter. — This may possibly have been a clergyman and mathematician of some repute in the Palatinate in the early seventeenth century. Morhof mentions him under the name Franciscus Ridderus [Polyhistor^ i. i. 16).

6. Johannes Bodinus (1530-1596). — A lawyer at Toulouse, author of a treatise, Methodiis ad facile77i historia7-uni cognitionem.

7. Vogel. — Probably Ezechiel Vogel, a schoolmaster at Gottingen, and author of a work, Ephemerides linguce Lalitice, in which he shows how a boy, by working two hours daily, may learn Latin in one year.

456 THE GREAT DIDACTIC

8. Glaum; Wolfstirn. — Of the owners of these names I have been unable to obtain any information.

9. John Valentine Andrew. — Court-preacher at Stuttgart, where he died in 1654. He was a considerable power in the Church and in the school-room.

10. Janus C^cilius Frey. — A German physician residing at Paris, where he died of the plague in 1631. On educational questions he wrote several books, remarkable for their sound common-sense.

11. This section is signed with Andreae's name, but cannot have been written by him, as in the original Bohemian version of the Great Didactic it appears in a considerably altered form. Possibly the last sentence is quoted from one of Andreoe's works.

12. StoR/EUS. — A native of Stobi in Macedonia, where he lived about 500 a. u., and composed an Anthology of extracts from as many as 500 Greek authors.

1 3. Pittacus of Mitylene. — One of the seven wise men of Greece. Lived about 600 B. c.

14. Sextus Pompeius Festus. — A Roman grammarian who lived towards the end of the fourth century a. d.

15. John Ludovic Vives. — One of the great pedagogues of the sixteenth century. Was born at Valencia in 1492 ; professed the " Humanities" at Louvain and was afterwards invited by Henry VHI. to England, where he became the tutor of the Princess Mary. His best known works on education are : De ratione stiidii piierilis epistolcB dtice ; De tradettdis disciplitiis sive de instittitione Christiana ; De institutione

foemiiicB Christiana ; Introductio ad Sapieiitiain.

16. Bern HARD. — Abbot of Clairvaux in 1 115. A man of great ecclesiastical and political influence, and one of the instigators of the Third Crusade.

17. Lactantius. — P'or some years tutor to a son of the Emperor Constantine. Converted to Christianity in middle life, he wrote a voluminous treatise, Divinarum institutionmn libri vii. ; a plea for Christianity, intended for pagans who had received a philosophic education. He died about 330 a.d.

18. Matthew Dresser (1536- 1607). — Was successively Professor of Greek at Erfurt, Professor of Rhetoric at Jena, Rector of the school at Meissen, and Professor of Greek and Latin at Leipzig.

19. LiEBHARD Camerarius. — A renowned sixteenth century scholar and editor of the classics. Sympathised with the Reformation and was a friend of Melanchthon's. Died in 1574.

20. Gulartius. — Nothing appears to be known of this scholar or his works.

NOTES 457

21. George Agricola (born in Saxony, 1490). — The founder of the modern school of mineralogy and metallurgy. Mining in Germany owed much to his researches, which were considered authoritative as late as the eighteenth century.

22. Christopher Longolius (1488-1522). — Born at Mecheln and resident in Paris. A renowned classic of his day. Died at Padua.

23. HiPPOLiTUS GuARiNO. — Lived in the first half of the seventeenth century. Was town physician at Speyer.

24. John Pico Mirandolo (1463-1494). — In early youth gave evidence of remarkable ability. When fourteen years old went to Bologna, where he studied canon law and philosophy. His memory was so retentive that if 20,000 words were repeated to him once, he could reproduce them in the same order. He published 900 theses and challenged the learned men of the whole world to dispute with him on any one of them. Accused of heresy, he was acquitted by Pope Innocent VIII. He died at Florence.

25. Joseph Justus Scaliger. — Flourished in France at the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries. Possessed a marvellous knowledge of the classics and of oriental languages. His learning was more than equalled by his vanity and quarrelsomeness.

26. Pierre de la Ramee. — Professor of Mathematics and Humanity at the University of Paris in the middle of the sixteenth century. Was killed in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, August 24th, 1572.

27. Gregory Cnapius (1574- 1638). — A Polish Jesuit, Professor of Oratory, Mathematics, and Theology. Was author of a Thesauriwi Polo7io- Latino- Grceciwi.

28. Not conjunctus but convinctus is now the generally accepted ■derivation of ctuictus.

29. Joachim Fortius or Ringelberg (died in 1536). — Born at Antwerp and brought up at the court of Maximilian I. A man of varied talent, and a voluminous author, he attained success as a mathematician, a philologist, a painter, and an etcher.

30. Robert Flutt (1574- 1637).— Born at Milgate in Kent. Travelled in France, Spain, Italy, and Germany, and finally settled in London, where he practised medicine. On physics he had the most fantastic notions, and imagined that the root principles of chemistry were to be found in the Bible. Was author of a Aleteorologica Cosmica.

31. Andreas Hyperius (1511-1564).— A member of the Reformed Church, born at Ypres. He studied at Paris and lectured there on Dialectic and Rhetoric, afterwards becoming Professor of Theology at Marburg.

32. FuLGENTius. — A Catholic Bishop who lived about 500 a.d.

458 7'HE GREAT DIDACTIC

He defended the views of the Orthodox Church against the Arian and Pelagian heresies.

33. Priscian. — A grammarian who lived and taught at Constantinople in the sixth century. His Latin Grammar was the basis for much of the grammatical instruction of the middle ages.

34. Expulsion of pagan books. — It is difficult to reconcile Comenius' denunciation of the classics in this chapter with his introduction of them into his scheme elsewhere. In this phase of mind he does but return to the distrust displayed by the Church for the new learning introduced by the Renaissance. It is curious to note that no stress is laid on the Utilitarian and " pressure-of-other-subjects " argument now so frequently made use of. Comparatively recently (1850 and 1851) two French writers, the Abbe Gaume and Bastiat, have condemned the use of the classics in schools from a point of view very similar to that of Comenius. Gaume in a pamphlet, Le ver rongeur, maintained that all literature prior to Christ's coming was devoid of morality, and that the Fathers should be read in preference to Latin writers of the golden age. Bastiat, in a curious book entitled Baccalauriat et Socialisffie, objects to any study that will introduce school-boys to a people who, like the Romans, lived by robbery and oppression. " Cette nation," he declares, " s'est fait une politique, une morale, une religion, une opinion publique conforme au principe brutal qui la conserve et la developpe. La France ayant donne au clerge le monopole de I'education, celui-ci ne trouve rien de mieux a faire que d'envoyer toute la jeunesse fran9aise chez ce peuple, vivre de sa vie, s'inspirer de ses sentiments, s'enthousiasmer de ses enthousiasmes, et respirer ses idees comme I'air. "

35. Cassiodorus (died 562 a.d. ) — Held high office under Theodoric and his successor. After the fall of the Goths he retired into seclusion and employed himself in writing works of a philosophic nature on grammar and orthography.

36. PiETRO Bembo. — A renowned Italian Cardinal in the sixteenth century. Was secretary to Pope Leo X., and wrote with elegance in both Latin and Italian.

37. IsiDORUS (died 635 a.d.) — Bishop of Seville. Was a student of the classics in an age when they were generally neglected. Compiled a kind of encyclopaedia entitled Originum sive Ety7nologiarum libri XX.

38. Sketch of the Mother -School. — It is interesting to observe the development or rather the application at the present day of Comenius' ideas on infant education. The following extracts from the French code of 1887 reflect the Comenian spirit very markedly : —

' ' L'ecole maternelle n'est pas une ecole au sens ordinaire du mot ;

NOTES 459

elle forme le passage de la famille a I'ecole, elle garde la douceur afifectueuse et indulgente de la famille, en meme temps qu'elle initie au travail et a la regularite de I'ecole." . . . " Une bonne sante ; Touie, la vue, le toucher deja exerces par une suite graduee de ses petits jeux et de ses petites experiences propres a I'education des sens ; des idees enfantines, mais nettes et claires, sur les premiers elements de ce qui sera plus tard instruction primaire ; un commencement d'habitudes et de dispositions sur lesquelles I'ecole puisse s'appuyer pour donner plus tard un enseignement regulier ; le gout de la gymnastique, du chant, du dessin, des images, des recits ; I'empressement a ecouter, a voir, a observer, a imiter, a questionner, a repondre ; une certaine faculte d'attention entretenue par la docilite, la confiance et la bonne humeur ; I'intelligence eveillee enfin et I'ame ouverte a toutes les bonnes impressions morales ; tels doivent etre les resultats de ces premieres annees passees a I'ecole maternelle, et, si I'enfant qui en sort arrive a I'ecole primaire avec une telle preparation, il importe peu qu'il y joigne quelques pages de plus ou de moins du syllabaire."

39. William Zepper. — A preacher at Herborn at the close of the sixteenth and beginning of seventeenth centuries.

40. John Henry Alsted. — See Intr. I. p. 4, and Intr. II. p. 137.

41. Simon Stevin (died 1633). — The author of numerous mathematical works and an inspector of dams in Holland.

42. Justus Lipsius (born 1574). — Resided at Louvain, where he wrote works of a philosophical nature. His learning and his literary style are greatly praised by Morhof.

APPENDIX

THE WORKS OF COMENIUS, ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL

ORDER OF COMPOSITION

[C] signifies that the work was written in Czech

1. 1612. Linguae Bohemicoe Thesaurus, hoc est Lexicon plenissimum, Grammatica accurata, idiotismorum elegantise emphases adagiaque.

2. 16 12. Amphitheatrum Universitatis.

3. 1613. Sylloge quaestionum controversarum, philosophise viridario depromptarum. Herbornae, 161 3.

4. 161 5. De angelis.

5. 1 6 16. Grammaticse facilioris praecepta. Pragae, 16 16.

6. 161 7. Pauperum oppressorum clamores in coelum. Olmutii, 1617.

7. 1620. The spiritual salvation of faithful Christians. wt)rn out by countless temptations, [C]

8. 1620-2. De Antiquitatibus Moraviae.

9. 1620-30. De origine Baronum a Zerotin.

10. 1 62 1. Moraviae nova et post omnes priores accuratissima Delineatio, auctore J. A. Comenio. ist ed. 1627 ; last, 1695.

11. 1622. Meditations on the Christian perfection, which God, in His Word, shows to His chosen ones ; which He implants in them through His Spirit ; and which, to their unspeakable blessedness, He kindles and brings to full completion. Prague, 1622. [C]

12. 1622. The impregnable fortress of God's name, where all find safety who fly thither in trials and in danger. [C]

13. 1622. Lamentation of a Christian over the oppression of his Church and of his country. [C]

l^

462 THE GREAT DIDACTIC

14. 1623. The Labyrinth of the World and the Paradise of the Heart. Amsterdam, 1663. [C]

15. 1623. The orphan's plight. That is to say, abandonment by all friends, protectors, and helpers. Lissa, 1634. [C]

16. 1625. Centrum securitatis. Lissa, 1633. [C]

17. 1625. The Revelations and Visions of Christopher Kotter. [C]

18. 1626. The Psalms of David. A version in Czech. Vienna, 1661.

19. 1628-32. The Didactic of John Amos Comenius. Prague,

1849. [C]

The Latin version, under the title Didactica Magna, was published at Amsterdam in 1657.

^ 20. 1628. Informatorium of the Mother-School. Prague, 1858. [C] The Latin version, under the title : Schola Infantise, sive de provida Juventutis primo sexennio Educatione. Amsterodami, 1657. German version by Comenius. Lissa, 1633.

{^ 21. 1628. Vernaculae Scholse Classis sex Libelli.

I 22. 1628. J. A. Comenii Janua Linguarum Reserata. Sive

Seminarium Linguarum et Scientiarum Omnium. Hoc est Compendiosa Latinam (et quamlibet aliam) Linguam, una cum Scientiarum, Artiumque omnium fundamentis, perdiscendi Methodus ; sub Titulis centum, Periodis autem mille, comprehensa. ist edition pub. by Comenius in 1633. Published in Greek and Latin at Oxford as late as 1800. And in Latin, German, and Czech at Prague in 1874.

23. 1629. De veris et falsis prophetis. Written in Czech and translated into Latin for inclusion in Lux in Tenebris.

24. 1630. Praxis Pietatis ; The practice of true Piety. [C] Lissa, 1631.

25. 1630. Funeral oration over Esther Sadowska (written in German).

26. 1 63 1. Grammatica latina legibus vernaculae concinnata.

27. 1631. Concordance of the Holy Scriptures. (Burnt at Lissa.)

28. 1631. Evangelistarum Harmonia.

29. 1632. Historia fratrum Bohemorum.

30. 1632. Manual of the Holy Scriptures. Written for the Bohemian Church. [C. ]

31. 1632. History of the sufferings, the death, the burial, and the resurrection of Jesus Christ ; compiled from the four Evangelists. [C]

32. 1632. Historia Persecutionum Ecclesise Bohemicge. Jam inde a primordiis conversionis suae ad Christianismum, hoc est, Anno 894 ad Annum usque 1632. Ferdinando secundo Austriaco regnante, In qua Inaudita hactenus Arcana Politica consilia, artes, praesentium

APPENDIX 463

bellorum verse causse et judicia horrenda exhibentur. Nunc primum edita cum duplici Indice. a.d. 1648. Translated into Czech and published at Lissa in 1655.

33. 1632. Haggseus Redivivus. Sorrowful exhortation, in God's name, of Christian rulers, of God's ministers, and of all nations. [C]

34. 1632. Short sketch of the reorganisation of schools in the Kingdom of Bohemia. [C]

35. 1632. The Basis and Duration of the two Churches, the true and the false ; of which the true Church, founded in Paradise through the name of Jesus Christ, will endure to the end of the World. [C]

36. 1632. Some questions that concern the Unity of Bohemian Brethren. First printed in 1878. [C]

37. 1632-3. Physicae ad lumen divinum reformatse synopsis philodidactorum et theodidactorum censurae exposita. Lipsiae, 1633.

38. 1632. Astronomia ad lumen Physicum reformanda.

39. 1632-3. The wisdom of the Forefathers set forth as a mirror for their Descendants. First printed in 1849. [C]

40. 1633. Januse Linguarum Reseratae Vestibulum, Quo Primus ad Latinam Linguam aditus Tirunculis paratur. Many editions. Latest in 1867.

41. 1634. Suggestions for a new edition of the Chant-Book. [C]

42. 1634. Conatuum Comenianorum Prasludia. Oxonias, 1637.

43. 1635. Leges Illustris Gymnasii Lesnensis.

44. 1635. Account of a tractate hostile to the Unity, by Samuel Martin, and refutation of the same. Lissa, 1636. [C]

45. 1636. XXL Sermons. Of the mysteries of Death and of Resurrection. Lissa, 1636. [C]

46. 1636. The Mirror of Good Government. Funeral oration over Count Raphael of Lissa. Lissa, 1636. (Composed in German.)

47. 1637. J. A. Comenii Faber Fortunae sive Ars consulendi ipsi sibi. Amsterodami, 1657.

48. 1637. The Way of Peace ; that is to say, the only true and unfailing means by which God's Church can be preserved in Harmony, Concord, and Love. Lissa, 1637. [C]

49. 1637. De Quaestione Utrum Dominus Jesus Propria Virtute a mortuis Resurrexit. Ad Melchiorem Schefferum Socinistam, breve ac solidum Joh. A. Comenii Responsum. Amstelodami apud Joannem Janssonium 1659.

50. 1637. De Sermonis Latini Studio, Per Vestibulum, Januam, Palatium, et Thesauros Latinitatis, quadripartito gradu plene absolvendo, Didactica Dissertatio. Lissa, 1637.

51. 1638. Diogenes Cynicus Redivivus, sive De compendiose Philo-

\^

464 THE GREAT DIDACTIC

sophando. Ad Scholse ludentis exercitia olim accommodatus, nunc autem luci datus. Authore J. A. Comenio. Amstelodami, 1658.

52. 1638, Abrahamus Patriarcha. Scena reprsesentatus anno 1641 in Januario, sub examen Scholse publicum. Amstelodami. Anno 1 66 1.

53. 1638. Conatuum Pansophicorum Dilucidatio. In gratiam censorum facta. Londini, 1639.

54. 1639. A Dextris et Sinistris, hoc est pro fide in Christum, Deum-Hominem cum Marcioniticis dehriis (Humanitatem Christi abnegantibus) Lucta. Amsterodami, 1662.

55. 1640. De Christianorum Uno Deo, Patre, Filio, Spiritu. Fides antiqua, Contra Novatores. Amstelodami, 1659.

56. 1640 (?). Janua Rerum reserata, hoc est Sapientia prima (quam vulgo Metaphysicam vocant) ita Mentibus hominum adaptata ut per eam in totam Rerum Ambitum Omnemque interiorem Rerum Ordinem Et in omnes intimas rebus Coseternas Veritates Prospectus pateat Catholicus Simulque ut eadem omnium humanorum Cogitationum, Sermonum, Operum, Fons et Scaturigo, Formaque ac Norma esse appareat. Authore J. A. Comenio. Lugduni Batavorum. Apud H?eredes Jacobi Heeneman. Anno 1681.

57. 1641. Via Lucis. Hoc est, Rationabilis disquisitio, quomodo Intellectualis animorum Lux, Sapientia, tandem sub Mundi vesperam per omnes mentes et gentes feliciter spargi possit. Amstelodami, 1688.

58. 1 641 -3. J. A. Comenii Pansophiae Diatyposis Ichnographica et Orthographica delineatione. Totius futuri operis amplitudinem, dimensionem, usus adumbrans. Amsterodami, 1645.

59. 1643. Irenica qusedam scripta Pro pace Ecclesise.

60. 1643. Calendarium Ecclesiasticum.

61. 1644. Judicium de Judicio Valeriani Magni Mediolanensis, Super Catholicorum et Acatholicorum Credendi Regula, sive Absurditatum Echo. Amstelodami, 1644.

62. 1644-6. Linguarum Methodus Novissima Fundamentis Didacticis solide superstructa. 1648.

63. 1645. Jo- Amos Comenii Eccl. Boh. Episcopi, De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione Consultatio Catholica. 2nd ed. Halle, 1702.

64. 1645. Judicium Ulrici Neufeldii de Fidei Catholicse Regula Catholica, Ejusque Catholico Usu ad Valerianum Magnum Omnesque Catholicos. 1645.

65. 1645. Regulse Vitse Sapientis, harmonicae, tranquillae, actuosas, negotiis obrutse, liberaliter otiosse, peregrinantis denique. 1645.

APPENDIX 465

66. 1645. Pansophiee dogmaticae, Latinis olini decretorise, nunc systematicoe vulgo dictoe delineatio juxta diatyposin J. A. Comenii.

67. 1646. Christianismus reconciliabilis reconciliatore Christo. Hoc est quam facile Christian! si vere ac serio Christiani esse velint, non discordare possint, tarn clara ut Sol meridie est demonstratio.

68. 1648. Independentia geternarum Confusionum Origo Spectamini Venerabilis Nationalis Synodi in Nomine Christi Londini in Anglia congregatee subjecta Anno 1648.

69. 1649. Of the casting out of the dumb and other devils. A sermon delivered at Lissa. 1649. [C]

70. 1649. Index plenus vocum Germanicarum.

71. 1649. Johannis Lasitii, nobilis Poloni Historioe de Origine Et Rebus gestis Fratrum Bohemicorum Liber Octavus, qui est De Moribus et Institutis eorum. Ob prsesentem rerum statum seorsim editus. Anno 1649.

72. 1649. Manuductio in viam pacis ecclesiasticse.

73. 1649. Funeral Oration over Paul Fabrik. [C]

74. 1650. Syntagma rerum, conceptuum, et verborum.

75. 1650. The Will of the Dying Mother; in which she divides among her sons and heirs the treasures entrusted to her by God. Lissa, 1650. [C]

76. 1650. Schola Pansophica. Hoc est, Universalis Sapientiae Officina, ab annis aliquot ubi ubi gentium erigi optatse': Nunc autem Auspiciis Illustrissimi Domini D. Sigismundi Racocis de Felseovadas Saros-Pataki Hungarorum feliciter erigenda. 1651.

77. 1 65 1. De reperta ad Authores Latinos prompte legendos et clare intellegendos Facili Brevique Via, Schola Latina, Tribus Classibus divisa. Amsterodami, 1657.

78. 1 65 1 -2. Eruditionis Scholasticoe Pars Tertia. Atrium Rerum et Linguarum Ornamenta exhibens. In usum Scholae Patakinse editum. Anno 1652.

79. 1 65 1. J. A. Komensky's The Art of Preaching. Prague, 1823. [C.]

80. 1 65 1. Primitiae laborum Scholasticorum. 1651.

81. 1651-2. Laborum Scholasticorum in Illustri Patakino Gymnasio continuatis.

82. 1652. Joachimi Fortii Ringelbergii De Ratione Studii Liber Vere Aureus. Des. Erasmi Roterodami. De Ratione Studii. Edited by Comenius, with an Introduction.

83. 1653. Fortius Redivivus, sive de pellenda Scholis ignavia.

84. 1653. PrseceptaMorum. Inusumjuventutiscollecta. Anno 1653.

85. 1653. Leges Scholse bene ordinatte.

<$s

466 THE GREAT DIDACTIC

86. 1653. Orbis sensualium pictus. Hoc est, Omnium fundamentalium in Mundo rerum et in Vita actionum, Pictura et Nomenclatura. Nuremberg, 1658.

87. 1653. Animoe sanctce Sterna Regna cum Triumpho ingredientis Beatum Satellitium. Anno 1653. Addressed to Laurence de Geer on the death of his father.

88. 1654. Schola Ludus seu Encyclopaedia viva, h. e. Januse Linguarum praxis comica. Patak, 1656.

89. 1654. J. A. Comenii Lexicon Atriale Latino-Latinum Simplices et nativas rerum nomenclationes e Janua Linguze Latinee jam notas, in elegantes varie commutare docens. Amstelodami, 1658.

90. 1654. Laborum Scholasticorum Patakini obitorum Coronis, Sermone valedictorio, ad Scholam Patakinam, ejusque solertes D. D. Scholarchas et Visitatores, Generosorumque Reverendorum magnam panegyrin, habito imposita. Anno 1654.

91. 1654. Gentis felicitas Speculo exhibita iis, qui num felices sint et quomodo fieri possint, cognoscere velint. 1659.

92. 1654-7. Lux in Tenebris. Hoc est Prophetias Donum quo Deus Ecclesiam Evangelicam (in Regno Bohemias et incorporatis Provinciis) sub tempus horrendce ejus pro Evangelio persequutionis extremaeque dissipationis ornare, ac paterne solari dignatus est. Submissis de statu. Ecclesiae in Terris, praesenti et mox futuro, per Christophorum Cotterum Silesium, Christinam Poniatovam Bohemam, et Nicolaum Drabicium Moravum, Revelationibus vere divinis, ab anno 1616 usque ad annum 1656 continuatis. Quae nunc e Vernaculo in Latinum fideliter translatae in Dei gloriam, afilictorum solatia, aliorumque salutarem informationem ipsius Oraculi jussu in lucem dantur. Anno 1657.

93. 1655. The struggle with God in prayer, followed by Resignation to His Will in death as in life. A sermon preached at Lissa on Sept. 24th ; at the close of a day of great danger. 2nd ed. Halle, 1765. [C.]

94. 1655. Panegyricus Carolo Gustavo Magno Svecorum,Gothorum, Vandalorumque Regi, incruento Sarmatiae Victori, et quaqua venit Liberatori, Pio, Felici, Augusto. Heroi afflictis in solatia, Regibus in exemplum, nato. Lugduni Batavorum, 1656.

95. 1655-6. Evigila Polonia.

96. 1656. Enoch; or, Of the continual intercourse of believers with God. 1656. [C.]

97. 1656. The Gift of Long Life. A sermon preached at the burial of Wacslaw Lochar, Consenior of the INIoravian Church at Lissa. [C. ]

98. 1656. Materiarum Pansophicarum Sylva, Definitionum scil.

t

APPENDIX 467

omnium rerum et Axiomatum (supra 20 annos magna diligentia Congestatus) thesaurus. Burnt at Lissa.

99. 1656. Sapientia Bis et Ter Oculata, Aliud in alio acute videns, aliudque per aliud potenter demonstrans. Burnt at Lissa.

100. 1656. Lesnae Excidium, Anno 1656 in Aprili factum, fide historica narratum.

101. 1657. Parvulis parvulus, Omnibus Omnia. Hoc est Vestibuli Lat. Linguae Auctarium. Voces Latinas primitivas construi, coeptas, et in Sententiolas breves redactas, exhibens. Amsterdami, 1657.

102. 1657. J. A. Comenii pro Latinitate Januae Linguarum suae, illiusque praxeos Comicse, Apologia. Amstelodami, 1657.

103. 1657. J. A. Comenii Opera Didactica Omnia, ab anno 1627 ad 1657 continuata. Amsterodami, Anno 1657.

104. 1658. Janua sive Introductorium in Biblia Sacra. Norimberg£e, 1658.

105. 1658. Novi Testamenti Epitome, Typorum Diversitate Res, Verba, Phrases, Atque Sententias Exhibens. Norimbergse, 1658.

106. 1659, Disquisitiones de Caloris et Frigoris natura, in prodromum novae editionis Physicae ad lumen divinum restituendae. Amstelodami, 1659.

107. 1659. Book of Chants for the Bohemian Church. Amsterdam, 1659. [C]

108. 1659. Vindicalio Famae et conscientiae Johannis Comenii a Calumniis Nicolai Arnoldi. Lugduni Batavorum, 1659.

109. 1659. Historia Revelationum Christophori Kotteri, Christinae Poniatoviae, Nicolai Drabicii et qu^e circa illas varie accideruiit, usque ad earundem Anno 1657 publicationem, et post publicationem. 1659.

110. 1659. Cartesius cum sua naturali Philosophia a Mechanicis eversus. Amsterodami, 1659.

111. 1660. The mournful cry of the Shepherds, terror-struck by God's anger, to their perishing and scattered flocks. Amsterdam, 1660. [C]

112. 1660. De bono Unitatis et ordinis disciplinasque et obedientiae. Amst. 1660.

113. 1660. De Irenico Irenicorum. Hoc est : Conditionibus Pacis a Socini Secta reliquo Christiano Orbi oblatis, ad omnes Christianos facta Admonitio A. Johan. Amos Comenio. Amsterodami, Anno 1660.

114. 1 66 1. Theologia Naturalis. A Raymundo de Sabunde ante duo secula conscriptus, nunc autem Latiniore stylo in compendium redactus. Amst. 1661.

468 THE GREAT DIDACTIC

115. i66i. Catechism for young Bohemians. Amst. 1661. [C]

116. 1661. J. A. Comenio de Iterate Sociniano Irenico Iterata ad Christianos Admonitio. Amst. 1661.

117. 1661. Socinismi Specukim uno intuitu quidquid ibi creditur aut non creditur, exhibens. Amst. 1661.

118. 1662. Johan. Amos Comenii Admonitio Tertia. I. Ad D. Zwickerum ut impios suos adversus Christum et Christianam fidem impetus temperet ; II. ad Christianos ut tandem evigilent. Amst. 1662.

119. 1662. Confession of the Beliefs, Teaching, and Religion of the Unity of the Bohemian Brethren. Amst. 1662. [C]

120. 1662. De rerum humanarum Emendatione Consultationis Catholicae Pars Secunda Panaugia. Ubi de accendenda Mentibus ante omnia Luce quadam universali, in qua omnes, Omnia, Omnino videri possint, consultatur.

121. 1662. The Moral Teaching of Cato the Wise, translated into Bohemian. Amst. 1662. [C. ]

122. 1663. Renuntiatio Mundi. Amst. 1663.

123. 1663. Revelationum Divinarum, in usum Seculi nostri quibusdam nuper factarum. Epitome. 1663.

124. 1664-7. Lux e Tenebris. Tenebris, humanarum abominationum, Divinarumque plagarum. Lux, Divinarum Consolationum, glorioseque reflorescentis Ecclesiae.

125. 1667. Petrus Serarius : Responsio ad Exercitationem Paradoxam Anonymi cujusdam Cartesian^e Sectae Discipuli qua Philosophiam pro infallibili S. Literas interpretandi norma OrVji Christiano obtrudit. Amst. 1667.

126. 1669. Unum Necessarium, Scire Quid Sibi sit Necessarium ; in Vita et Morte, et post Mortem. Quod non Necessariis Mundi Fatigatus et ad Unum Necessarium Sese Recipiens, Senex J. A. Comenius, Anno setatis suae 77, Mundo expendendum offert. Amst. 1668.

127. 1669. De Zelo sine scientia et charitate, Admonitio Fraterna J. A. Comenii ad D. Samuelem Maresium : Pro minuendis odiis et ampliandis favoribus. Amst. 1669.

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